Diagnosis And Treatment Of Joint Disease Of Small Animals

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Table of Contents

• Contents (p.8)
• Preface (p.20)
• 1 - Nature and Scope of the Chapter (p.25)
• 2 - The Subject Matter of Biomedical Animal Research Ethics (p.25)
• 3 - Why Investigators Should Care About Biomedical Animal Research Ethics (p.26)
• 4 - Aspects of Animal Use and Care Relevant to Biomedical Animal Research Ethics (p.29)
• 5 - Use of Privately Owned Animals in Biomedical Research (p.30)
• 6 - The Nature of Basic Animal Research (p.31)
• 7 - Why Investigators Play the Key Role in Ensuring the Ethical Conduct of Animal Research Projects (p.33)
• 8 - Sources of Guidance for Investigators in Conducting Ethical Research (p.38)
• 9 - Developing Useful Ethical Guidelines (p.40)
• 10 - Fundamental Principles of biomedical animal Research Ethics (p.41)
• 11 - Practical Ethical Guidelines for Investigators (p.58)
• 12 - Some Current Difficult Issues in Animal Research Ethics (p.60)
• 13 - General Suggestions for Investigators (p.62)
• References (p.63)
• 1 - Introduction (p.68)
• 2 - Enrichment and Welfare (p.69)
• 3 - Enrichment and Animal Models (p.76)
• 4 - Enrichment and Experimental Variability (p.79)
• 5 - Implementing an Enrichment Plan (p.79)
• 6 - Example of an Enrichment Plan: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) (p.82)
• 7 - Conclusions (p.83)
• References (p.83)
• 1 - Animal Models (p.93)
• 2 - Why Animal Experimental Studies? (p.93)
• 3 - Animal Models in Biomedical Research (p.94)
• 4 - Concerns About the Translatability of Findings From Animal Experimental Studies (p.94)
• 5 - Translational Research (p.94)
• 6 - Choice of Appropriate Animal Model (p.96)
• 7 - Where in the Process of Modeling Human Diseases and Developing Putative Therapeutics Have Large Animal Models Been Used? (p.98)
• 8 - Which Model Animal Species Are Classified as Large in Scientific Research? (p.99)
• 9 - Which Types of (Large) Animal Models Are Available? (p.100)
• 10 - Special Aspects in Using Large Farm Animal Models (p.101)
• 11 - Experimental Unit (p.102)
• 12 - Experiments Using Social Animals Requiring Group Housing (p.104)
• 13 - Putative Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Housing (p.105)
• 14 - Principles of the 3R—Replacement, Reduction, Refinement (p.105)
• 15 - Getting the Most Out of an Animal Experimental Study (p.106)
• 16 - Need to Correct for Multiple Comparisons? (p.107)
• 17 - Replication Studies (p.107)
• 18 - Identification of Possible Confounds (p.108)
• 19 - Effects of Obesity on Experimental Results (p.109)
• 20 - Testing Under Uniform Conditions in the Laboratory Versus Testing in a Heterogeneous Environment, Such as a Farm (p.110)
• 21 - Training and Testing May Act as Environmental Enrichment (p.111)
• 22 - Modeling Early Live Events That Affect Subsequent Development (p.111)
• 23 - Brain Infarction, Hemorrhage, Traumatic Brain Injury (p.112)
• 24 - Aging and Aging-Related Diseases (p.112)
• 25 - Transgenic Large Animal Models (p.113)
• 26 - Discussion (p.113)
• References (p.116)
• 1 - Introduction (p.124)
• 2 - Cataract Types (p.125)
• 3 - Age-Related Nuclear Cataract (p.126)
• 4 - Diabetic Cortical Cataract (p.126)
• 5 - Animal Models of Diabetic Cataract (p.130)
• 6 - Assessment of Diabetic Cataract Animal Models (p.133)
• 7 - Conclusions (p.133)
• References (p.134)
• 1 - Introduction (p.139)
• 2 - Time-Course Progression of MNU-Induced Retinal Degeneration (p.140)
• 3 - Retinal Degeneration Caused by MNU in Various Animal Species (p.141)
• 4 - Age-Related Photoreceptor Cell Damage and Sensitivity to MNU (p.143)
• 5 - Photoreceptor Cell Death, Cell Debris Removal, and RPE Cell Migration (p.144)
• 6 - Molecular Mechanisms in Photoreceptor Cell Death Caused by MNU (p.147)
• 7 - Therapeutic Trials Against MNU-Induced Photoreceptor Apoptosis (p.150)
• 8 - Concluding Remarks (p.157)
• 9 - Appendix: Special Techniques (p.157)
• References (p.160)
• 1 - Introduction (p.168)
• 2 - Myocardial Ischemic Models (p.169)
• 3 - Hypertension and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Models (p.179)
• 4 - Heart Failure Models (p.182)
• 5 - Models Without Cardiovascular Diseases (p.189)
• 6 - Future Directions (p.193)
• References (p.193)
• 1 - The Heart and Diabetes Mellitus (p.196)
• 2 - Methodological Aspects (p.197)
• 3 - Experimental Results in the Rat Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes (p.200)
• 4 - Experimental Results in Rat Model of Renal Failure (p.204)
• 5 - The Heart and Dysfunctional Sympathetic Innervation (p.211)
• 6 - Methods of Chemical Sympathectomy (p.212)
• 7 - Experimental Results in the Rat Model of Chemical Sympathectomy (p.212)
• 8 - Functional Parameters (p.215)
• References (p.220)
• 1 - Primate Models (p.227)
• 2 - Porcine Models (p.228)
• 3 - Rabbit Models (p.229)
• 4 - Mouse Models and Atherosclerosis (p.230)
• 5 - Concluding Comments (p.236)
• References (p.236)
• 1 - Introduction and Overview (p.242)
• 2 - Choosing an Animal Model of MetS (p.243)
• 3 - Animal Models of MetS Etiology (p.245)
• 4 - Genetic Factors (p.245)
• 5 - Environmental Factors (p.253)
• 6 - Animal Models of MetS Pathophysiology (p.255)
• 7 - Conclusions (p.258)
• References (p.258)
• 1 - Introduction (p.266)
• 2 - Type 1 Diabetes (p.267)
• 3 - Type 2 Diabetes (p.273)
• 4 - Diabetic Complications (p.279)
• 5 - Gender, Strain, and Age Effects in Animal Models of Diabetes (p.280)
• 6 - Conclusions (p.280)
• References (p.280)
• 1 - Obesity is a Global Crisis (p.288)
• 2 - Obesity: An Unsolved Medical Problem (p.289)
• 3 - Model Organisms Used for Biomedical Research (p.289)
• 4 - The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Small is Beautiful (p.290)
• 5 - The Basic Biology of Obesity: From a Worm’s Perspective (p.292)
• 6 - Key Features of Fat Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans (p.292)
• 7 - Technical Advances Driving Lipid Research in Nematodes (p.294)
• 8 - The Intestine: A Driver of Lipid Metabolism (p.295)
• 9 - The Lipid Droplets are the Main Site of Triglyceride Accumulation (p.295)
• 10 - The Nile Red Vital Staining Conundrum (p.296)
• 11 - Lysosome-Related Organelles Participate in Lipid Mobilization (p.296)
• 12 - Intestinal Autofluorescence: Friend or Foe? (p.297)
• 13 - A Whole Genome Approach (p.298)
• 14 - New Avenues of Label-Free Methods (p.298)
• 15 - Trends and Challenges (p.298)
• References (p.299)
• 1 - Introduction (p.302)
• 2 - Thermogenesis—A Significant Determinant of Energy Expenditure (p.303)
• 3 - Concluding Remarks (p.325)
• References (p.325)
• 1 - Introduction (p.334)
• 2 - Classical Models of Liver Fibrosis (p.335)
• 3 - Animal Models of Specific Liver Diseases (p.336)
• 4 Conclusions (p.354)
• References (p.354)
• 1 - Introduction (p.364)
• 2 - Skin Healing in Lower Vertebrate (Anamniotes) Model Organisms (p.365)
• 3 - Skin Healing in Higher Vertebrate (Amniotes) Model Organisms (p.369)
• 4 - Genetic Mouse Models for Regenerative Skin Wound Healing (Transcription Factors in Skin Development and Regeneration) (p.371)
• 5 - Conclusions (p.374)
• References (p.374)
• 1 - Introduction (p.378)
• 2 - Inflammatory Skin Disease Animal Models (p.380)
• 3 - Genetic Skin Disease Animal Models (p.387)
• 4 - Animal Models of Skin Cancer (p.388)
• 5 - Conclusions (p.391)
• References (p.392)
• 1 - Introduction (p.400)
• 2 - Acute Kidney Disease (p.400)
• 3 - Chronic Kidney Disease: Animal Models (p.412)
• 4 - Conclusions (p.427)
• References (p.427)
• 1 - Introduction (p.440)
• 2 - Rat Model (p.441)
• 3 - Mouse Model (p.446)
• 4 - Fly Model (p.449)
• 5 - Porcine Model (p.455)
• 6 - Other Animal Models (p.457)
• 7 - Canine Model (p.458)
• 8 - Feline Model (p.460)
• 9 - Conclusions (p.460)
• References (p.461)
• 1 - Introduction (p.466)
• 2 - The Pig as Animal Model (p.467)
• 3 - The Sheep as Animal Model (p.474)
• 4 - The Rabbit as Animal Model (p.480)
• 5 - The Dog as Animal Model (p.482)
• 6 - Concluding Remarks (p.483)
• References (p.483)
• 1 - Introduction (p.488)
• 2 - Historical Perspectives (p.489)
• 3 - Pathophysiology of IBD (p.489)
• 4 - Animal Models of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (p.490)
• 5 - Conclusions (p.497)
• References (p.498)
• 1 - Introduction (p.503)
• 2 - Systematic Review and Metaanalysis Method (p.503)
• 3 - Results (p.506)
• 4 - Discussion (p.532)
• 5 - Conclusions (p.538)
• References (p.539)
• 1 - Introduction (p.546)
• 2 - Building Relevant Models (p.550)
• 3 - Olfactory–Neuromuscular Diseases (p.553)
• 4 - Conclusions (p.565)
• References (p.566)
• 1 - What is Substance Use Disorder and Why Should We Study It? (p.578)
• 2 - Reward and Reinforcement (p.579)
• 3 - Aversive Drug Effects (p.580)
• 4 - The Place Conditioning Procedure (p.581)
• 5 - The Flavor Conditioning Procedure (p.592)
• 6 - Conclusions (p.601)
• References (p.602)
• 1 - Overview of Schizophrenia (p.608)
• 2 - Approaches to Create Animal Models with Relevance to Schizophrenia (p.611)
• 3 - Features of Schizophrenia That can be Modeled in Animals (p.614)
• 4 - Specific Animal Models (p.621)
• References (p.631)
• 1 - Introductory Remarks (p.642)
• 2 - Klinefelter’s Syndrome—An Underestimated Disease (p.643)
• 3 - The X Chromosome in the Male (p.644)
• 4 - Clinical Features of Klinefelter’s Syndrome (p.646)
• 5 - Sex Chromosomal Aberrations in Male Mammals (p.648)
• 6 - Mouse Models for Klinefelter’s Syndrome (p.650)
• 7 - Lessons from Animal Experiments (p.652)
• 8 - Perspectives—What can be Expected From Future Animal Experiments and How to Retranslate Experimental Findings into Clin... (p.665)
• References (p.666)
• 1 - Introduction (p.672)
• 2 - Zebrafish in the Laboratory: A Historical Overview (p.676)
• 3 - Forward Genetics: Phenotype-Driven Studies of Vertebrate Development (p.677)
• 4 - Reverse Genetics: Testing Candidate Genes in Zebrafish Models (p.678)
• 5 - Humanizing Zebrafish to Study Human Genetic Variation (p.681)
• 6 - Modeling Adult Onset Disease in Embryonic or Larval Stages (p.685)
• 7 - Therapeutic Discovery in Zebrafish Models of Disease (p.685)
• 8 - Conclusions: The Future of Zebrafish as a Human Genetic Disease Model (p.686)
• References (p.687)
• 1 - Introduction (p.693)
• 2 - Techniques Used for the Generation of Genetically Engineered Pigs (p.694)
• 3 - Genetically Engineered Pigs as Models for Human Diseases (p.697)
• 4 - Conclusions (p.717)
• References (p.718)
• 1 - Introduction (p.724)
• 2 - Some Historical Aspects (p.725)
• 3 - Techniques for the Creation of Genetically Modified Animals (p.725)
• 4 - Types of Genetically Modified Animals and how They are Produced (p.730)
• 5 - Genetically Modified Mice as Models of Human Diseases (p.732)
• 6 - Multifactorial and Polygenic (Complex) Disorders (p.732)
• 7 - Inflammatory Diseases (p.734)
• 8 - Neurodegenerative Diseases (p.734)
• 9 - Cancer (p.737)
• References (p.741)
• 1 - Genetic or Environmental (p.749)
• 2 - Genome Project and Human Diseases (p.749)
• 3 - Basic Genetics to Develop and Use Model Mice (p.750)
• 4 - Diploid and Genotype (p.751)
• 5 - Coisogenic and Congenic Strains (p.752)
• 6 - Double Stranded DNA, Linkage, and Haplotype (p.753)
• 7 - Mutant Mice as Disease Models (p.753)
• 8 - Fancy Mice (p.754)
• 9 - Laboratory Mouse Strains (p.754)
• 10 - Redundancy of Genes: Oculocutaneous Albinism (p.754)
• 11 - Body Weight and Brain Function: Pleiotropy of ob and db (p.755)
• 12 - Conventional Positional Cloning and Forward Genetics (p.755)
• 13 - Unique Positional Cloning: High Reversion Rates of dv and pun Mutations (p.756)
• 14 - Recombinant Inbred Strains for Quick Genetic Mapping (p.756)
• 15 - Mutagenesis for Forward Genetics (p.757)
• 16 - Large-Scale ENU Mouse Mutagenesis Project (p.759)
• 17 - Mutagenesis for Reverse Genetics (p.761)
• 18 - Gene Targeting and Knockout Mouse (p.761)
• 19 - Transgenic Mice as Disease Models (p.761)
• 20 - Knockout Mice as Disease Models (p.762)
• 21 - Conditional Targeting (p.762)
• 22 - International Knockout Mouse Consortium (p.762)
• 23 - ENU-Based Reverse Genetics in the Mouse (p.763)
• 24 - Further Advancement of Genome Technologies (p.764)
• 25 - Genome Editing Technologies (p.765)
• 26 - Concluding Remarks (p.767)
• References (p.768)
• 1 - Introduction (p.776)
• 2 - Febrile Seizures in Humans and Their Relationship to Epilepsy (p.777)
• 3 - Animal Models of Febrile Seizures (Experimental Febrile Seizures) (p.778)
• 4 - Other Animal Models of Early Life Seizures (p.780)
• 5 - Mechanisms Underlying Hyperthermia-Induced Experimental Febrile Seizures (p.780)
• 6 - Neuroanatomical Changes After Experimental Febrile Seizures (p.782)
• 7 - Neurophysiological Changes After Experimental Febrile Seizures (p.784)
• 8 - Neuronal Hyperactivity After Experimental Febrile Seizures (p.785)
• 9 - Behavioral Changes After Experimental Febrile Seizures (p.785)
• 10 - Conclusions (p.786)
• References (p.786)
• 1 - Introduction (p.790)
• 2 - Infection, Inflammation, and Preterm Birth (p.792)
• 3 - Innate Immune Responses (p.795)
• 4 - Inflammation and Labor (p.797)
• 5 - The Use of Animals in the Study of Preterm Birth—Justification and Validity (p.798)
• 6 - Animal Models of Infection-Associated Inflammation (p.799)
• 7 - Summary (p.805)
• 8 - Practical Study—Fetal Surgery in the Sheep (p.805)
• References (p.819)
• 1 - Establishment of Air Breathing at Birth (p.827)
• 2 - Neonatal Lung Diseases (p.832)
• 1 - Introduction (p.835)
• 2 - Normal Physiological Course of Ductus Arteriosus (p.836)
• 3 - Pathophysiology of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (p.836)
• 4 - Treatment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus (p.836)
• 5 - Animal Models of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (p.836)
• 1 - Introduction (p.837)
• 2 - Normal Vascularization of Human Retina (p.837)
• 3 - Pathophysiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity (p.838)
• 4 - Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity (p.838)
• 5 - Animal Models of Retinopathy of Prematurity (p.838)
• 1 - Introduction (p.840)
• 2 - Pathophysiology of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (p.840)
• 3 - Prevention of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (p.841)
• 4 - Animal Models of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (p.841)
• 1 - Epidemiology, Etiology, and Animal Models (p.842)
• 2 - Fetal Inflammation (p.842)
• 3 - Fetal Acidemia (p.843)
• 1 - Etiology (p.844)
• 2 - Chorioamnionitis: Pathological Fetal Inflammation Is a Risk Factor (p.844)
• 3 - Tight Junctions: Intestinal Permeability and Integrity (p.845)
• 4 - Intestinal Permeability Is Influenced by Pathogens and Inflammation (p.845)
• 5 - ENS Controls Epithelial Barrier Function (p.845)
• 6 - NEC: Immature Immune Response (p.846)
• 7 - Development and Monitoring of the Autonomic Nervous System Activity (p.846)
• 8 - CAP Controls Immune Homeostasis (p.846)
• 9 - Vagal Nerve Stimulation and the Gut Inflammation (p.847)
• 10 - Near Future: Early Detection of NEC Using Fetal and Neonatal Heart Rate Monitoring? (p.848)
• References (p.848)
• 1 - Introduction (p.860)
• 2 - Significance (p.862)
• 3 - Preclinical Studies of Prenatal Stress in Rodent Models (p.863)
• 4 - Experimental Paradigm for a Trans- and Multigenerational PS Rat Model (p.866)
• 5 - Large Animal Models of Fetal Development to Model PS: Pregnant Sheep (p.866)
• 6 - Experimental Paradigm for Prenatal Stress Model in Fetal Sheep (p.867)
• 7 - Conclusions (p.867)
• References (p.867)
• 1 - Introduction (p.874)
• 2 - Caliciviridae (p.875)
• 3 - Togaviridae (p.876)
• 4 - Flaviviridae (p.879)
• 5 - Coronaviridae (p.882)
• 6 - Filoviridae (p.885)
• 7 - Orthomyxoviridae (p.891)
• 8 - Bunyaviridae (p.894)
• 9 - Arenaviridae (p.897)
• 10 - Retroviridae (p.898)
• 11 - Papillomaviridae (p.900)
• 12 - Poxviridae (p.901)
• 13 - Hepadnaviridae (p.904)
• 14 - Conclusions (p.905)
• References (p.906)
• 1 - Introduction (p.926)
• 2 - Generation of CRISPR Cancer Models (p.932)
• 3 - Challenges and Solutions (p.938)
• 4 - Concluding Remarks (p.940)
• Glossary (p.940)
• References (p.941)
• 1 - Introduction to Animal Models of Breast Cancer (p.947)
• 2 - Concepts of Breast Cancer Biology (p.947)
• 3 - Modeling Breast Cancer in Rodents (p.949)
• 4 - Spontaneous and Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis in Rodents (p.949)
• 5 - Grafting and Transplantation Approaches (p.953)
• 6 - Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer (p.961)
• 7 - Comparative Pathology and Genomics: Mouse Mammary Tumors Versus Human Breast Cancer (p.963)
• 8 - Studying Metastasis in Mice With an Emphasis on New Models (p.964)
• 9 - Emerging Nonrodent Models of Breast Cancer (p.965)
• 10 - Conclusions (p.965)
• References (p.966)
• 1 - Introduction (p.972)
• 2 - Bleomycin-Induced Murine Scleroderma (p.973)
• 3 - HOCl-Induced Murine Scleroderma (p.978)
• 4 - Tight Skin Mouse (p.978)
• 5 - Sclerodermatous Graft-Versus-Host Disease Model (p.980)
• 6 - Skin Fibrosis by Exogenous Injection of Growth Factors (p.980)
• 7 - UCD-200 Chicken (p.981)
• 8 - Transgenic Mouse Models (p.981)
• 9 - Knockout Mouse Models (p.981)
• 10 - Conclusions (p.982)
• References (p.982)
• 1 - The Complex Biology of Multiple Sclerosis (p.988)
• 2 - Immunological Models for CNS Demyelination (p.992)
• 3 - Local Induction of Demyelination Following Injection of Myelin Peptides (p.994)
• 4 - Development of MS Therapies Based on Models of Immune Mediated Demyelinating Diseases (p.995)
• 5 - Viral mediated Models of Demyelination (p.995)
• 6 - Oligodendrocyte Induced Cell Death Models of Demyelination (p.996)
• 7 - Toxin Models of Demyelination (p.1000)
• 8 - Conclusions and Comments (p.1005)
• References (p.1005)
• 1 - Introduction (p.1012)
• 2 - Animal Models of Major Depression (p.1013)
• 3 - Animal Models of Mania (p.1018)
• 4 - Conclusions (p.1021)
• References (p.1021)
• 1 - Introduction (p.1024)
• 2 - Operant Tasks for Testing Cognitive Functioning (p.1025)
• 3 - Nonoperant Behavioral Tests (p.1032)
• 4 - Welfare Aspects in the Use of Pigs as Model Species (p.1040)
• 5 - Conclusions (p.1045)
• References (p.1045)
• 1 - Introduction (p.1052)
• 2 - Invertebrate Models of Alzheimer’s Disease (p.1053)
• 3 - Nonmammalian Vertebrate Models of Alzheimer’s Disease (p.1062)
• 4 - Mammalian Models of Alzheimer’s Disease (p.1072)
• 5 - Conclusions (p.1087)
• References (p.1087)
• 1 - Introduction (p.1109)
• 2 - Clinical Characteristics of PD and Their Relevant Symptoms in Animal Models (p.1112)
• 3 - Molecular Pathophysiology of PD (p.1113)
• 4 - Neurotoxins for Making PD Models (p.1114)
• 5 - MPTP-Induced Mice Model of PD (p.1116)
• 6 - MPTP-Induced Common Marmoset Model for PD (p.1122)
• 7 - Concluding Remarks (p.1125)
• References (p.1125)
• 1 - Introduction (p.1130)
• 2 - Parkinson’s Disease (p.1131)
• 3 - Alzheimer’s Disease (p.1134)
• 4 - Huntington’s Disease (p.1136)
• 5 - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (p.1138)
• 6 - Frontotemporal Dementia (p.1140)
• 7 - Conclusions (p.1142)
• References (p.1145)
• 1 - Introduction (p.1152)
• 2 - Insights From Pharmacological Animal Models of Mania (p.1153)
• 3 - Insights From Environmental Models (p.1158)
• 4 - Insights From Genetic Models (p.1159)
• 5 - Conclusions (p.1159)
• References (p.1160)
• 1 - Introduction (p.1166)
• 2 - Learning to Cope Training (p.1167)
• 3 - Learning to Cope Is Stressful (p.1167)
• 4 - Learning to Cope Reduces Subsequent Behavioral Measures of Emotionality (p.1168)
• 5 - Learning to Cope Increases Anterior Cingulate Cortex Stargazin Gene Expression (p.1169)
• 6 - Discussion (p.1170)
• 7 - Limitations (p.1172)
• 8 - Conclusions (p.1172)
• References (p.1172)
• Index (p.1176)
• ... and 157 more chapters

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